Implement support of server side math expression rendering

Many websites employ the [MathJax](https://www.mathjax.org/) library for dynamically rendering LaTeX math expressions on the client side. I expect to require support for doing just that in the future. But as with syntax highlighting I am of the opinion that this kind of stuff should be performed once during site compilation instead of wasting ressources by forcing each client to do this job for every single page request.

Luckily there is a [MathJax-node](https://github.com/mathjax/MathJax-node) module that allows using the _MathJax_ library on the server side.

This commit adds support for rendering math expressions written in Markdown respectively LaTeX as follows: `$$1 + 1 \neq 0$$` on the server side.

This required the introduction of a new `math_highlighter` helper template in `formatter.xsl` based on the `tex2html` utility provided by _MathJax-node_. This formatter is matched against the (Markdown parser generated) `script` node in `formatter.xsl`'s _embellish_ mode. The HTML rendering of the expression is then embedded in a `p class="math"` node. This explicit labeling allows `master.xsl` to include the `math.css` rules only for pages that actually contain math expressions.

Note that the XHTML rendering utility stylesheet `xhtml.xsl` currently adds a XML comment to each `span` node. This is a workaround to prevent _Xalan_ from collapsing "empty" `span` tag pairs into single nodes which otherwise leads to rendering errors as it is not valid HTML and is interpreted as a wrong tree structure by the browser.

Note that the CSS rules declared in `math.css` are explicitly not part of the MIT licensed part of this repository but where generated by _MathJax_.

As there is currently no _productive_ content making use of math expressions a demo page is available under `page/math_test/`.

3 files changed, 126 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/source/00_content/pages/math_test.md b/source/00_content/pages/math_test.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d686b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/00_content/pages/math_test.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Math expression test page
+
+$$\exists \: \epsilon > 0 \: \exists \: N_0 \in N \: \forall \: n \geq N_0 : | f(n) - f(n0) | \leq \epsilon$$
+
+$$\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x$$
+
+$$e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left( 1+\frac{x}{n} \right)^n$$
+
+$$1 + 1 \neq 0$$
diff --git a/source/99_result/main.css b/source/99_result/main.css
index 84f130b..951a2a4 100644
--- a/source/99_result/main.css
+++ b/source/99_result/main.css
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ code{margin:0 .1em;padding:0 .5em;border:.1em solid #e3e8e8;background-color:#f8
 #content .footnotes {border-top:.3em dotted #e3e8e8}
 #content img{padding:.2em;border:.1em solid #e3e8e8;display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:95%}
 #content img.clear{border:0;max-width:100%}
+#content .math{padding:0.5em;font-size:1.25em;line-height:0}
 #pagination{height:1.5em;margin-top:.5em}
 #pagination span.disabled{display:none}
 #pagination span a{text-decoration:none;color:#272828}
diff --git a/source/99_result/math.css b/source/99_result/math.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c45f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/99_result/math.css
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// These rules belong to the MathJax project (Apache License 2.0)
+// See https://www.mathjax.org/ respectively https://github.com/mathjax/MathJax/blob/master/LICENSE
+.mjx-chtml {display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 100%; font-size-adjust: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0; min-height: 0; border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 1px 0}
+.MJXc-display {display: block; text-align: center; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0}
+.mjx-chtml[tabindex]:focus, body :focus .mjx-chtml[tabindex] {display: inline-table}
+.mjx-math {display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0}
+.mjx-math * {display: inline-block; text-align: left}
+.mjx-numerator {display: block; text-align: center}
+.mjx-denominator {display: block; text-align: center}
+.MJXc-stacked {height: 0; position: relative}
+.MJXc-stacked > * {position: absolute}
+.MJXc-bevelled > * {display: inline-block}
+.mjx-stack {display: inline-block}
+.mjx-op {display: block}
+.mjx-under {display: table-cell}
+.mjx-over {display: block}
+.mjx-over > * {padding-left: 0px!important; padding-right: 0px!important}
+.mjx-under > * {padding-left: 0px!important; padding-right: 0px!important}
+.mjx-stack > .mjx-sup {display: block}
+.mjx-stack > .mjx-sub {display: block}
+.mjx-prestack > .mjx-presup {display: block}
+.mjx-prestack > .mjx-presub {display: block}
+.mjx-delim-h > .mjx-char {display: inline-block}
+.mjx-surd {vertical-align: top}
+.mjx-mphantom * {visibility: hidden}
+.mjx-merror {background-color: #FFFF88; color: #CC0000; border: 1px solid #CC0000; padding: 2px 3px; font-style: normal; font-size: 90%}
+.mjx-annotation-xml {line-height: normal}
+.mjx-menclose > svg {fill: none; stroke: currentColor}
+.mjx-mtr {display: table-row}
+.mjx-mlabeledtr {display: table-row}
+.mjx-mtd {display: table-cell; text-align: center}
+.mjx-label {display: block}
+.mjx-box {display: inline-block}
+.mjx-block {display: block}
+.mjx-span {display: span}
+.mjx-char {display: block; white-space: pre}
+.mjx-itable {display: inline-table}
+.mjx-row {display: table-row}
+.mjx-cell {display: table-cell}
+.mjx-table {display: table; width: 100%}
+.mjx-line {display: block; height: 0}
+.mjx-strut {width: 0; padding-top: 1em}
+.mjx-vsize {width: 0}
+.MJXc-space1 {margin-left: .167em}
+.MJXc-space2 {margin-left: .222em}
+.MJXc-space3 {margin-left: .278em}
+.mjx-ex-box-test {position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 60ex}
+.MJXc-TeX-unknown-R {font-family: monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal}
+.MJXc-TeX-unknown-I {font-family: monospace; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal}
+.MJXc-TeX-unknown-B {font-family: monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold}
+.MJXc-TeX-unknown-BI {font-family: monospace; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
+.MJXc-TeX-ams-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-R,MJXc-TeX-ams-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-cal-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-B,MJXc-TeX-cal-Bx,MJXc-TeX-cal-Bw}
+.MJXc-TeX-frak-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-R,MJXc-TeX-frak-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-frak-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-B,MJXc-TeX-frak-Bx,MJXc-TeX-frak-Bw}
+.MJXc-TeX-math-BI {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BI,MJXc-TeX-math-BIx,MJXc-TeX-math-BIw}
+.MJXc-TeX-sans-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-R,MJXc-TeX-sans-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-sans-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-B,MJXc-TeX-sans-Bx,MJXc-TeX-sans-Bw}
+.MJXc-TeX-sans-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-I,MJXc-TeX-sans-Ix,MJXc-TeX-sans-Iw}
+.MJXc-TeX-script-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-R,MJXc-TeX-script-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-type-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-R,MJXc-TeX-type-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-cal-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-R,MJXc-TeX-cal-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-main-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-B,MJXc-TeX-main-Bx,MJXc-TeX-main-Bw}
+.MJXc-TeX-main-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-I,MJXc-TeX-main-Ix,MJXc-TeX-main-Iw}
+.MJXc-TeX-main-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R,MJXc-TeX-main-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-math-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I,MJXc-TeX-math-Ix,MJXc-TeX-math-Iw}
+.MJXc-TeX-size1-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R,MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-size2-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R,MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-size3-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-R,MJXc-TeX-size3-Rw}
+.MJXc-TeX-size4-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-R,MJXc-TeX-size4-Rw}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-R; src: local('MathJax_AMS'), local('MathJax_AMS-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_AMS-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_AMS-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_AMS-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-B; src: local('MathJax_Caligraphic Bold'), local('MathJax_Caligraphic-Bold')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Bx; src: local('MathJax_Caligraphic'); font-weight: bold}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Bw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Caligraphic-Bold.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Caligraphic-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Caligraphic-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-R; src: local('MathJax_Fraktur'), local('MathJax_Fraktur-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-B; src: local('MathJax_Fraktur Bold'), local('MathJax_Fraktur-Bold')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Bx; src: local('MathJax_Fraktur'); font-weight: bold}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Bw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BI; src: local('MathJax_Math BoldItalic'), local('MathJax_Math-BoldItalic')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BIx; src: local('MathJax_Math'); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BIw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-R; src: local('MathJax_SansSerif'), local('MathJax_SansSerif-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-B; src: local('MathJax_SansSerif Bold'), local('MathJax_SansSerif-Bold')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Bx; src: local('MathJax_SansSerif'); font-weight: bold}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Bw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_SansSerif-Bold.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_SansSerif-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_SansSerif-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-I; src: local('MathJax_SansSerif Italic'), local('MathJax_SansSerif-Italic')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Ix; src: local('MathJax_SansSerif'); font-style: italic}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Iw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_SansSerif-Italic.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_SansSerif-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_SansSerif-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-R; src: local('MathJax_Script'), local('MathJax_Script-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Script-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Script-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Script-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-R; src: local('MathJax_Typewriter'), local('MathJax_Typewriter-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Typewriter-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Typewriter-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Typewriter-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-R; src: local('MathJax_Caligraphic'), local('MathJax_Caligraphic-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Caligraphic-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Caligraphic-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Caligraphic-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-B; src: local('MathJax_Main Bold'), local('MathJax_Main-Bold')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Bx; src: local('MathJax_Main'); font-weight: bold}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Bw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Main-Bold.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Main-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Main-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-I; src: local('MathJax_Main Italic'), local('MathJax_Main-Italic')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Ix; src: local('MathJax_Main'); font-style: italic}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Iw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Main-Italic.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Main-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Main-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R; src: local('MathJax_Main'), local('MathJax_Main-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Main-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Main-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Main-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I; src: local('MathJax_Math Italic'), local('MathJax_Math-Italic')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-Ix; src: local('MathJax_Math'); font-style: italic}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Math-Italic.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Math-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Math-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R; src: local('MathJax_Size1'), local('MathJax_Size1-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Size1-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Size1-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Size1-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R; src: local('MathJax_Size2'), local('MathJax_Size2-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Size2-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Size2-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Size2-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-R; src: local('MathJax_Size3'), local('MathJax_Size3-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Size3-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Size3-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Size3-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-R; src: local('MathJax_Size4'), local('MathJax_Size4-Regular')}
+@font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-Rw; src /*1*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax_Size4-Regular.eot'); src /*2*/: url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax_Size4-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax_Size4-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}